#Built-in Utility Types

// T extends object checks if T is an object type (excluding null).
// If true, it maps over the keys [P in keyof T] and applies DeepPartial recursively to each property T[P].
// The '?' makes the property optional.
// If T is not an object (e.g., primitive, array), it returns T as is.
type DeepPartial<T> = T extends object
  ? {
      [P in keyof T]?: DeepPartial<T[P]>;
    }
  : T;

// Example usage:
interface NestedUser {
  id: number;
  name: string;
  address: {
    street: string;
    city: string;
    zip: number;
  };
  preferences: {
    theme: {
      dark: boolean;
      fontSize: number;
    };
    notifications: string[];
  };
}

// With DeepPartial, even nested properties can be omitted or partially provided.
const deepPartialUser: DeepPartial<NestedUser> = {
  id: 1, // Provide id
  address: {
    // Partially provide address
    city: "New York",
  },
  preferences: {
    // Partially provide preferences
    theme: {
      // Partially provide theme
      fontSize: 14,
    },
    // notifications can be omitted entirely
  },
};

// Handles arrays: If T is an array (infer R captures the element type), return ReadonlyArray<DeepReadonly<R>>.
// Handles functions: If T is a function, return it as is (functions are typically not made readonly).
// Handles objects: If T is an object, map over keys [P in keyof T] and apply DeepReadonly recursively. Add 'readonly' modifier.
// Handles primitives: If T is none of the above, return T.
type DeepReadonly<T> = T extends (infer R)[]
  ? ReadonlyArray<DeepReadonly<R>>
  : T extends Function
    ? T
    : T extends object
      ? {
          readonly [P in keyof T]: DeepReadonly<T[P]>;
        }
      : T;

// Example:
interface Config {
  apiKey: string;
  settings: {
    timeout: number;
    retries: number;
    advanced: {
      logging: boolean;
    };
    features: string[];
  };
}

const config: DeepReadonly<Config> = {
  apiKey: "abc123",
  settings: {
    timeout: 3000,
    retries: 3,
    advanced: {
      logging: true,
    },
    features: ["featureA", "featureB"],
  },
};

// All attempts to modify will cause TypeScript errors:
// config.apiKey = "xyz"; // Error
// config.settings.timeout = 5000; // Error
// config.settings.advanced.logging = false; // Error
// config.settings.features.push("featureC"); // Error (ReadonlyArray has no push method)

// Uses a mapped type with '-readonly' modifier.
// This special syntax removes the readonly flag from each property P in T.
type Mutable<T> = {
  -readonly [P in keyof T]: T[P];
};

// Example:
interface ReadonlyUser {
  readonly id: number;
  readonly name: string;
  readonly roles: readonly string[];
}

const readonlyUser: ReadonlyUser = { id: 1, name: "John", roles: ["admin"] };

// Create a mutable version
const mutableUser: Mutable<ReadonlyUser> = { ...readonlyUser };

// Now modifications are allowed:
mutableUser.id = 2;
mutableUser.name = "Jane";
// Note: Deep immutability is not removed by Mutable<T> alone.
// mutableUser.roles.push("editor"); // Error if roles was ReadonlyArray<string>
// To make roles mutable too, you'd need a DeepMutable type.

// Simple union type definition.
type Nullable<T> = T | null;

// Example:
interface User {
  id: number;
  profileImageUrl: Nullable<string>; // Profile image might not exist
}

function getUserProfile(userId: number): Nullable<User> {
  // Simulating data fetching
  if (userId === 1) {
    return { id: 1, profileImageUrl: "http://example.com/img.jpg" };
  } else if (userId === 2) {
    return { id: 2, profileImageUrl: null }; // User exists, but no image
  }
  return null; // User not found
}

const user1 = getUserProfile(1);
const user2 = getUserProfile(2);
const user3 = getUserProfile(3);

// Need null checks
if (user1) {
  console.log(user1.profileImageUrl?.toUpperCase()); // Optional chaining needed for profileImageUrl
}
if (user2) {
  console.log(user2.profileImageUrl); // null
}
if (user3 === null) {
  console.log("User 3 not found");
}

// Complex conditional mapped type:
// 1. `[K in keyof T]-?`: Iterate over all keys K of T, removing the optional modifier ('-?') temporarily.
// 2. `{} extends Pick<T, K>`: This is a trick. `Pick<T, K>` creates a type `{ K: T[K] }`.
//    If the original property K in T was optional (e.g., `K?: type`), then `T[K]` includes `undefined`.
//    `{}` (the empty object type) is assignable to `{ K: type | undefined }` only if the property K is optional (because `{}` has no properties, satisfying the optional requirement).
//    If K was required (`K: type`), then `{}` is NOT assignable to `{ K: type }`.
// 3. `? K : never`: If the condition is true (K is optional), keep the key `K`. Otherwise, discard it (`never`).
// 4. `[keyof T]`: Finally, look up the resulting type using `keyof T` to get a union of the keys that were kept (the optional ones).
type OptionalKeys<T> = {
  [K in keyof T]-?: {} extends Pick<T, K> ? K : never;
}[keyof T];

// Example:
interface UserConfig {
  id: number; // Required
  theme: string; // Required
  notifications?: boolean; // Optional
  language?: string; // Optional
}

// Results in: "notifications" | "language"
type ConfigOptionalKeys = OptionalKeys<UserConfig>;

// Usage example: Setting default values for optional keys
function applyDefaults(config: UserConfig): Required<UserConfig> {
  const defaults: Pick<UserConfig, OptionalKeys<UserConfig>> = {
    notifications: true,
    language: "en",
  };
  // Spread defaults first, then the provided config to override
  return { ...defaults, ...config } as Required<UserConfig>; // Asserting Required for simplicity here
}

const userConf: UserConfig = { id: 1, theme: "dark" };
const fullConfig = applyDefaults(userConf);
// fullConfig = { id: 1, theme: 'dark', notifications: true, language: 'en' }

// Similar logic to OptionalKeys, but the condition is reversed.
// 1. `[K in keyof T]-?`: Iterate over all keys K of T, removing the optional modifier.
// 2. `{} extends Pick<T, K>`: Check if K was optional.
// 3. `? never : K`: If the condition is true (K is optional), discard the key (`never`). Otherwise (K is required), keep the key `K`.
// 4. `[keyof T]`: Look up the resulting type to get a union of the required keys.
type RequiredKeys<T> = {
  [K in keyof T]-?: {} extends Pick<T, K> ? never : K;
}[keyof T];

// Example:
interface UserConfig {
  id: number; // Required
  theme: string; // Required
  notifications?: boolean; // Optional
  language?: string; // Optional
}

// Results in: "id" | "theme"
type ConfigRequiredKeys = RequiredKeys<UserConfig>;

// Usage example: Validating required fields
function validateConfig(config: Partial<UserConfig>): boolean {
  const requiredKeys: ConfigRequiredKeys[] = ["id", "theme"];
  return requiredKeys.every(
    (key) => config[key] !== undefined && config[key] !== null,
  );
}

console.log(validateConfig({ id: 1, theme: "light" })); // true
console.log(validateConfig({ id: 1 })); // false (missing theme)
console.log(validateConfig({ theme: "dark" })); // false (missing id)
console.log(validateConfig({ id: 1, theme: "dark", notifications: false })); // true

// This uses conditional type inference and function type contravariance.
// 1. `U extends any ? (k: U) => void : never`: This distributes the union U. For each member type X in U, it creates a function type `(k: X) => void`.
//    Example: If U = A | B, this becomes `((k: A) => void) | ((k: B) => void)`.
// 2. `extends (k: infer I) => void`: This attempts to infer a single type `I` for the parameter `k` such that the distributed function union is assignable to `(k: I) => void`.
//    Due to contravariance of function parameters, `I` must be assignable *from* every member of the original union U. The only type that satisfies this is the intersection of all members of U.
//    Example: `((k: A) => void) | ((k: B) => void)` is assignable to `(k: I) => void` only if `I` is `A & B`.
// 3. `? I : never`: If the inference succeeds, return the inferred intersection type `I`. Otherwise, return `never`.
type UnionToIntersection<U> = (U extends any ? (k: U) => void : never) extends (
  k: infer I,
) => void
  ? I
  : never;

// Example 1: Simple object union
type UnionObjects = { a: string } | { b: number };

// Results in: { a: string } & { b: number }
type IntersectionObjects = UnionToIntersection<UnionObjects>;
const obj: IntersectionObjects = { a: "hello", b: 123 };

// Example 2: Function overload union
type Overloads = ((a: string) => number) | ((a: number) => string);

// Results in an intersection of function signatures, representing an overloaded function
type CombinedOverload = UnionToIntersection<Overloads>;
// const combinedFunc: CombinedOverload = ...; // Can be called with string or number

// Example 3: Union of primitives (less common, results in 'never' as primitives can't intersect meaningfully)
type Primitives = string | number;
type IntersectionPrimitives = UnionToIntersection<Primitives>; // Type is 'never'

// Similar structure to DeepPartial/DeepReadonly.
// T extends object checks if T is an object.
// If true, maps over keys [P in keyof T] and applies DeepNonNullable recursively.
// If false (primitive or array), applies the built-in NonNullable<T> to remove null/undefined from the value itself.
type DeepNonNullable<T> = T extends object
  ? { [P in keyof T]: DeepNonNullable<T[P]> }
  : NonNullable<T>; // Use built-in NonNullable for non-object types

// Example:
interface UserProfile {
  id: number | null;
  name: string | undefined;
  contact: {
    email: string | null;
    phone?: string | null; // Optional and potentially null
  } | null;
}

// All nullable/undefinable properties must be provided with non-nullish values.
// Optional properties must also be provided if they exist in the original type.
const profile: DeepNonNullable<UserProfile> = {
  id: 1, // Must be number
  name: "John", // Must be string
  contact: {
    // contact object cannot be null
    email: "john@example.com", // Must be string
    phone: "123-456-7890", // Must be string (since phone exists in the mapped type)
  },
};

// This would be invalid:
// const invalidProfile: DeepNonNullable<UserProfile> = {
//   id: null, // Error: Type 'null' is not assignable to type 'number'.
//   name: 'Jane',
//   contact: null // Error: Type 'null' is not assignable to type '{ email: string; phone: string; }'.
// };